I have been an active clinician scientist for over 25 years, and am currently directing the Center for Prevention and Treatment of Vision Loss, funded by the Department of Veterans Affairs, which organizes a group of over 20 scientists and clinicians towards studying and researching optic nerve and retinal disorders that have relevance to the military population, especially in relation to traumatic brain injury (TBI). I am interested in the physiology of the melanopsin containing retinal ganglion cells (MGC) in humans and animals, and have been collaborating with colleagues over the last few years on light mediated responses of the visual system.

Most recently, I have used the pupil light reflex to measure the rod, cone, and melanopsin mediated pupil responses in humans and animals. Recently, we have extended our measurements to recording the EMG of the eye's squinting muscles and skin conductance in response to increasing intensities of red and blue light to objectively characterize photosensitivity in patients.